A few notes and thoughts about compressing images to 140 characters, for use on Twitter.

The first I read about this problem was ​here.

There is now a ​competition on StackOverflow.com.

How it works

My goal is to reach a reasonable compromise between the following:

• Fast decompression (a fraction of a second)
• Reasonable compression time (around 1 minute for high quality)
• Achieve decent reconstruction quality
• Work with various message length and character sets
• Do not waste a single bit of information

Here is a rough overview of the encoding process:

• The number of available bits is computed from desired message length and usable charset
• The source image is segmented into as many square cells as the available bits permit
• A fixed number of points (currently 2) is affected to each cell, with initial coordinates and colour values
• The following is repeated until a quality condition is met:
  • A point is chosen a random
  • An operation is performed at random on this point (moving it inside its cell, changing its colour)
  • If the resulting image (see the decoding process below) is closer to the source image, the operation is kept
• The image size and list of points is encoded in UTF-8

And this is the decoding process:

• The image size and points are read from the UTF-8 stream
• For each pixel in the destination image:
  • The list of natural neigbours is computed
  • The pixel's final colour is set as a weighted average of its natural neighbours' colours

Bit allocation

UTF-8 is restricted to the formal Unicode definition by RFC 3629, meaning that once the 2¹¹ high and low surrogates and the 66 non-characters are removed from the U+0000..U+10FFFF range, the final size of the UTF-8 character set is 1111998. However, a lot of these characters are undefined, not yet allocated or are control characters. As of Unicode 5.1 there are only 100507 graphic characters.

The number of bits that can be expressed in a 140-character message using this charset is:

If we restrict ourselves to the 20902 characters available in the CJK Unified Ideographs block, the number of bits becomes:

And finally, using the 94 non-spacing, printable ASCII characters:

Optimised bitstream

There is a common misconception that values in an information stream should be bit-aligned. This is not the case at all in img2twit: the bitstream can store integer values with non-power of two bounds.

As an illustration, take the example of 16-bit colour coding. There are basically two widespread ways of storing RGB data into a 16-bit word: either using 5 bits per component and wasting the last bit, or using 6 bits for the G value, because the human eye is more sensible to variations of green. The RGB triplet is then computed as (((R) * 64 + G) * 32 + B), and eg. the green value is retrieved as (RGB / 32) % 64. Though 5-6-5 looks rather balanced, that's actually 32 values of red, 64 values of green and 32 values of blue: twice as many values of green... is this really required?

In this case, img2twit's approach would be to use 40 values for each component, where the RGB triplet is computed as (((R) * 40 + G) * 40 + B), and eg. the green value is retrieved as (RGB / 40) % 40. This makes the computations a lot slower (modulo 64 is just a bit shift, while modulo 40 requires dividing the whole bitstream by 40). However, it offers better packing and a lot more control over the data representation. For instance, I found that 2 bits (4 values) per colour component was not enough, but that 3 bits (8 values) was more than required. I went for 6 values (2.58 bits). (Sidenote: in fact, in order to cram even more information into the 16 bits, it would use 39/48/35 in this particular case.)

One drawback is that this makes the bitstream completely unable to recover from bit corruption. However, for such small streams I don't care at all.

Point selection

I use 16 values for the X and Y position of a point within a cell, and 6 values for each R, G and B component. This uses roughly 15.755 bits. There is a way to reduce this value down to 15.252 bits by accounting for the fact that two points within a cell are interchangeable, but I have not yet found an elegant way to remove the duplicate information without butchering a lot of code.

Algorithm seed

For the algorithm to converge quickly, the initial image needs to be as close as possible to an ideal solution. Of course the method works correctly with an initial random seed, but since the fitting is very slow, it can take 2 to 3 times as long to converge to the same solution.

My current approach is to look at the current cell's brightest and darkest pixels, and to set the two initial points at these locations. There is a lot to be improved in this domain.

Image rendering

The final image is simply an interpolation of the control points stored in the image. I use natural neighbour interpolation because it is reasonably fast (remember that the main algorithm loop computes the effects of modifying control points, and thus require at least a partial render).

The rendering method is responsible for both the artifacts (mainly the embossed dots) and the nice edges found in some parts of the resulting images.

Preliminary results

Here are the results of img2twit using 140 characters, restricted to U+4e00..U+9fa5 (CJK Unified Ideographs). The 一一一一 characters at the end of some lines indicate wasted bits that the algorithm is unable to use efficiently yet.

騂耳物谕炏褲閵欫蠳豵辢冟顥莬蒯焚鴩葖躧聩鯉笣再檄賁糕耇腀鯵黈洟尊弾鋚猠鎝愚姁鸐銇父蓼鼒纴竰配搮虽栆艡餐杏昦缐寣絠霗竁湟潕牠檫肇涆嫯賿龏羝风姣趹鱿睓羨棛漑鲋畍淌剛驞蘹撜蠞箄峾頓轒澊鮽冎搓腑冢擜塙悀閾蒢遆黡蚂毗桡艈澼琢輝執捀潏撽鬗鍴齽隶帍蒳鳞蘳牝賩占牓吙硘鷸騢挓磪捤鵘坰硖肕萘饼皹侯滗

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Getting img2twit

You can use img2twit, modify it and redistribute it for any purpose, according to the terms of the ​WTFPL. Note however that it uses third-party libraries such CGAL (which has odd licensing terms) and Imlib2.

img2twit is currently research material and is not available in any released software yet. If you wish to try it, get the libpipi source code.

If you just want to have a look at the code, get it from the web-based browser.